SGU Episode 341
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| SGU Episode 341 |
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| 28th Jan 2013 |
| [[File:Example.jpg|center|200px]] |
| (brief caption for the episode icon) |
| Skeptical Rogues |
| S: Steven Novella |
B: Bob Novella |
R: Rebecca Watson |
J: Jay Novella |
E: Evan Bernstein |
| Guest |
SC: Sean Carroll |
| Quote of the Week |
There is a cult of ignorance in the United States, and there has always been. The strain of anti-intellectualism has been a constant thread winding its way through our political and cultural life, nurtured by the false notion that democracy means that "my ignorance is just as good as your knowledge |
| Links |
| SGU Podcast archive |
| SGU Forum |
Introduction
You're listening to the Skeptics' Guide to the Universe, your escape to reality.
S: Hello and welcome to the Skeptics' Guide to the Universe. Today is Wednesday January 25th 2012 and this is your host Steven Novella. Joining me this week are Bob Novella.
B: Hey Everybody.
S: Rebecca Watson.
R: Hello Everyone.
S: Jay Novella.
J: Hey guys.
S: And Evan Bernstein.
E: Bully. (editor - sp?)
S: How're you doing today Evan?
E: (laughs) I'm in a Winston Churchill kind of mood so I'm doing just fine.
S: (laughs)
R: Winston Churchill said olé?
B: No, he said bully. (editor - sp?)
R: Oh, bully. (editor - sp?)
E: (laughs)
J: You know when I'm looking for quotes, I find tonnes of Winston Churchill quotes...
E: Oh, forget about it.
J: ...Not completely skeptically related but the guy said so many cool things at such a time in history when people really needed to hear those cool things. He was epic man.
E: Without a doubt.
S: (laughs) Alright Rebecca.
E: (laughs)
R: Winston Churchill, cool dude.
J: (laughs)
E: Yeah.
This Day in Skepticism (1:00)
January 28th, 1887 In a snowstorm at Fort Keogh, Montana, the world's largest snowflakes are reported, 15 inches (38 cm) wide and 8 inches (20 cm) thick.
R: Hey guess what today is! On January 28th 1887 according to the Guinness Book of World Records, the world's largest snowflake fell during a snowstorm in Fort Keogh in Montanna.
E: Just how big was this snowflake?
R: It was so big...
S&E: (laugh)
E: How big was it?
R: ...so big it got into the Guinness Book of Records.
B: Shouldn't you say it was the world's biggest recorded snowflake?
R: Actually, it's not even really well recorded. Basically just some guy said that he saw it. So it was a rancher called Matt Coleman...
E: While chewing on peyote or something.
J: For some reason I just picture some guy like sitting at his window during a snowstorm and he's looking up and he sees this gigantic-ass snowflake and he's like "Hello..." (British accent)
R&E: (snicker)
J: "...hello big boy" (British accent) You know, and he runs out and catches it he and measures it, and of course he touches it by accident and he melts the freaking thing.
R: Mmm, mmm hmm.
E: That's a sordid story.
J: How can it not be that?
R: Well Matt Coleman said that he saw a snowflake that was fifteen inches wide...
E: Whaat?
R: ...and some places I saw reported fifteen inches wide and eight inches thick?
J: Rebecca, does the diameter matter with a snowflake?
E: It's like a football (laughs).
R: But anyway, massive, a massive snowflake.
B: God, that's huge.
R: But you know, we don't really know because the problem is that in 1887, cell phone cameras were few and far between, so we really only have his word. But I wanted to look into whether there or not are have been any confirmed reports of snowflakes that were anywhere near that size. Since then, it turns out there have been confirmed snowflakes s of up to four inches, which is nowhere near the same, but still pretty massive. Four inches in Berlin in 1915, and also up to three inches in Laramie, Wyoming in 1970. And in 1992, field researchers used laser probes to measure snowflakes that were up to two inches wide with snow crystals the size of a pea in Newfoundland. And to make things clear, when I say 'snow crystal', I'm talking about the usual six arm star image that we all know and love, and the word 'snowflake' usually refers to many of those crystals all clustered together in mid-aid. And thousands of those crystals can cluster together to make up one giant snowflake that could be several inches across. So thanks to more and more field researchers out there studying climate and other things, we figured out the chain of events that lead to giant snowflakes. It happens when the temperature is just above freezing, and winds are calm enough to not break up the flakes. Dendrites are the largest of the snow crystals. What happens is that they can form really high up, like three miles in the sky. So that gives them a lot of time to fall and bump into smaller crystals, and accumulate, or 'snowball' if you will, and eventually you end up with massive flakes. But so far, nobody has any convincing evidence that they will get to fifteen inches across. However there's nothing in the laws of physics that says that it can't happen, so keep your eyes peeled.
S: Mmm hmm. Yeah it's pretty thin evidence though. I mean two to three inches sounds more plausible.
R: Right.
E: Much.
B: I'm surprised Guinness even accepted it.
R: Yeah, 'cause you know they're that bastion of proof.
E: (laughs) Of science, yeah.
B: No, they're generally, I thought they're fairly, you know they're generally strict in documenting and making sure that it was actually done.
R: I think they were just trying to pad out their book.
S: (laughs)
News Items
Stem Cells for Blindness (4:43)
S: Alright let's move on to some news items. Jay, you're gonna tell us about a stem cell treatment for blindness.
J: Yeah I was reading about a recent news item where some scientists were doing research on this stem cell treatment of the two most common types of blindness and this is world-wide. But real quick is this quick history on stem cells. So since 1998 when scientists figured out how to grow actual stem cells, stem cells have been considered a promising source of replacement cells for regenerative medicine. And when I say that they discovered how to grow stem cells, we knew that stem cells have existed much longer than that, but scientists actually figured out a way to take existing stem cells and basically culture them to make them grow so they had a population that they could actually draw from and do testing with. And since then, stem cells have proven to be very difficult to work with because of their complexity. I mean, the way that stem cells are unique are that they can become any other type of cell that's in the organism depending on the environment that they're in.
S: Well there are different kinds of stem cells. I mean the embryonic stem cells can become any other kind of stem cell. But then there are more specific types of stem cells, like there are blood stem cells that can become any kind of blood cell, but not non-blood cells.
J: So this recent study that we're talking about that was in the news uses embryonic stem cells on Stargardt's macular dystrophy, and dry age-related macular degeneration, and like I said these are the two leading causes of blindness in the developed world. The study was considered to be preliminary and designed to mostly take a look at the safety and the procedure how they would actually use it. And they do have concerns of course of injecting stem cells into any part of the body, particularly the eye because of the following reasons, and one of them of course is tumour formation, but they were saying there wasn't any hyper proliferation - this is they're language - which is an abnormally high rate of cell division, which is a cause of cancer or is cancer, abnormal cell growth, or the immune system rejection of the transplant itself in either of the two patients that they tested. They tested these people for four months after the procedures were done. Now Steve you were gonna talk about the results that they found from the test right?
S: So to be clear, this was a preliminary study looking at safety only. Their only concern was can we inject stem cells into patients' eyes basically, into their retinas, without them forming tumours or other bad effects, like you mentioned hypoplasia, also rejection, and will the cells survive and become the right kind of cells. So this is a preliminary test of two patients where they injected one eye and there were no negative outcomes to either of the two patients, so these stem cell injections appear to be safe. Although the study wasn't specifically looking at benefit, both patients also reported improved vision. The one patient, the scientists who did the study are saying that there appears to be a clear improvement in the vision of the eye that was injected
B: Did they get super vision?
S: They did not get super vision or x-ray vision.
B: Aaw crap, damn.
S: But the patient reported that for example she was able to read the time on her watch when she was not able to previously do that. The second patient also reported improved vision, but it's not clear that that's anything other than a placebo effect. She actually reported improved vision in the eye that was not injected...
B: Heh.
E: Wow.
S: ...in both eyes including the one that wasn't injected. So what's interesting about this study? One is that we're starting now to get the early reports of preliminary research of embryonic stem cell applications.
B: Took long enough.
S: Well this is about right actually, and we're still five to ten years away, even at this stage. If everything goes well, they have to look at this in many more patients, they have to follow outcomes much more thoroughly, the longer-term follow up to make sure these don't become tumours or increase the risk of developing cancer or have other problems. It takes five years to do a five year follow up...
J: How do you figure that?
B: (chuckles)
S: ...before this is considered safe for doing routinely.
J: But the good news is that in the four months that they were following the patients, they didn't see anything that raised any red flags, which is fantastic.
S: Yeah.
J: And also, I do believe that it legitimately did help one of the subjects. They're using very common eye tests on these people, and one of them is basically reading of the eye chart, which you can't fake.
S: The only way to fake it is to memorise it.
J: The point here is though once again, we're always saying "Five years, five years." you know, everything is seemingly five years away, but they did actually hit a milestone here.
S: Yeah, this is I think a recognisable milestone. The other thing I found interesting about it is the reporting of it by the scientists themselves. They were very conservative, very cautious, considering other interpretations, like you know 'this might be the placebo effect, we're not sure this is really a good effect', and emphasising how much more research has to be done. And it always strikes me, I think it's important to note the contrast between real scientists doing legitimate research, even here where you have...
B: (chuckles)
S: ...a very sexy breakthrough treatment - using stem cells to treat blindness - how cautious they're being, and to contrast that to the snake oil salesman who use flimsy evidence to make these bold, expansive claims without the qualifiers, and without the caution that these scientists are stating. So that says a lot about, that's a good sort of first approximation of when you're dealing with in my opinion, like legitimate scientific medical research and snake oil salesmen.
B: Yeah, if the snake oil salesmen had these results, they'd be asking for like a Nobel prize, they'd be selling the treatment on the internet, and then China, and anywhere else they could sell it.
S: Yeah, sometimes you know like people send me links, where they just find links to pseudoscientists, you know cranks and quacks who are selling whatever they're selling, and it's unbelievable how hyped up their claims and their credentials are. It's like "this is the greatest breakthrough perhaps in a thousand years", and they go over and over about how renowned this guy is and he was invited to speak to this eminent congregation of scientists who had to get together to see/hear what... It's like a movie, the way they're presenting it. It's just ridiculous. Whereas here you have actual scientists with this stunning milestone, I mean this is still gain a long way away from an actual treatment, and they're downplaying it, downplaying it as much as possible.
E: As they should.
S: Yeah, as they should.
Chiropractic Neurology ()
Psychogenic Illness ()
Who's That Noisy? ()
Questions and Emails ()
Question 1: Sounds in the Sky ()
Hello Skeptics guide, during my daily science news story search on the internet I came across a couple of stories about "strange apocalyptic sounds coming from the sky from canada to budapest..." Having some critical thinking I began to inspect the videos to try and discern what they were. After much failed research on more worthy sites I could not find a good answer. To me it sounds like it could be something simple like a plane flying overhead to something more atmospheric. But these are wild guesses. I thought you may want to look in to it so that you may have better luck than me finding out what it actually is. Here is the original link I came across that brought this to my knowledge http://io9.com/5876369/what-are-these-bizarre-sounds-coming-from-the-sky-in-countries-from-hungary-to-canada p.s. We all hope that it is as one commenter commented, the cthullu shai-hulud movie! Thanks for all your good work! Michael Ohio
Interview with Sean Carroll ()
http://preposterousuniverse.com/
Science or Fiction ()
S: Each week, I come up with three science news items or facts, two real and one fake. I challenge my panel of skeptics to tell me which one is the fake.
Skeptical Quote of the Week ()
References
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