https://www.sgutranscripts.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Mat86SGUTranscripts - User contributions [en]2026-04-05T14:40:19ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.8https://www.sgutranscripts.org/w/index.php?title=Template:SGU_episode_list&diff=8574Template:SGU episode list2013-12-04T16:49:03Z<p>Mat86: </p>
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Below are links to all the SGU episodes with transcription pages. <br />
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Jump to: [[#2012|2012]], [[#2011|2011]], [[#2010|2010]], [[#2009|2009]], [[#2008|2008]], [[#2007|2007]], [[#2006|2006]], [[#2005|2005]]<br />
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{|style="margin:1em 3em"<br />
|style="padding-right: 6em;white-space:nowrap" valign="top"|<span id="2013"><big>'''2013'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 437]], Nov 30 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 436]], Nov 23 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 435]], Nov 16 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 434]], Nov 9 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 433]], Nov 2 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 432]], Oct 26 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 431]], Oct 19 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 430]], Oct 12 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 429]], Oct 5 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 428]], Sep 28 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 427]], Sep 21 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 426]], Sep 14 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 425]], Sep 7 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 424]], Aug 31 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 423]], Aug 24 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 422]], Aug 17 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 421]], Aug 10 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 420]], Aug 3 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 419]], Jul 27 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 418]], Jul 20 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 417]], Jul 13 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 416]], Jul 6 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 415]], Jun 29 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 414]], Jun 22 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 413]], Jun 15 2013 {{Open}}{{a}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 412]], Jun 8 2013 {{Open}}{{a}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 411]], Jun 1 2013 {{a}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 410]], May 25 2013 {{Tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 409]], May 18 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 408]], May 11 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 407]], May 4 2013 {{Open}}{{a}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 406]], Apr 27 2013 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 405]], Apr 20 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 404]], Apr 13 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 403]], Apr 6 2013 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 402]], Mar 30 2013 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 401]], Mar 23 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 400]], Mar 16 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 399]], Mar 9 2013 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 398]], Mar 2 2013 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 397]], Feb 23 2013 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 396]], Feb 16 2013 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 395]], Feb 9 2013 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 394]], Feb 2 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 393]], Jan 26 2013 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 392]], Jan 19 2013 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 391]], Jan 12 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 390]], Jan 5 2013 {{mag}}<br />
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<span id="2012"><big>'''2012'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 389]], Dec 29 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 388]], Dec 22 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 387]], Dec 15 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 386]], Dec 8 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 385]], Dec 1 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 384]], Nov 24 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 383]], Nov 17 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 382]], Nov 10 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 381]], Nov 3 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 380]], Oct 27 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 379]], Oct 20 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 378]], Oct 13 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 377]], Oct 6 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 376]], Sep 29 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 375]], Sep 22 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 374]], Sep 15 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 373]], Sep 8 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 372]], Sep 1 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 371]], Aug 25 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 370]], Aug 18 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 369]], Aug 11 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 368]], Aug 4 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 367]], Jul 28 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 366]], Jul 21 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 365]], Jul 14 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 364]], Jul 7 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 363]], Jun 30 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 362]], Jun 23 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 361]], Jun 16 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 360]], Jun 9 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 359]], Jun 2 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 358]], May 26 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 357]], May 19 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 356]], May 12 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 355]], May 5 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 354]], Apr 28 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 353]], Apr 21 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 352]], Apr 14 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 351]], Apr 7 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 350]], Mar 31 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 349]], Mar 24 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 348]], Mar 17 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 347]], Mar 10 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 346]], Mar 3 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 345]], Feb 25 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 341]], Jan 28 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 340]], Jan 21 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 339]], Jan 14 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 338]], Jan 7 2012 {{tick}}<br />
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<br />
<span id="2011"><big>'''2011'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 337]], Dec 31 2011 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 335]], Dec 17 2011 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 331]], Nov 19 2011 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 330]], Nov 11 2011 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 328]], Oct 29 2011 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU 24hr]], Sep 23-24 2011<br />
* [[SGU Episode 320]], Aug 29 2011 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 312]], Jul 5 2011 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 308]], Jun 08 2011 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 298]], Mar 30 2011 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 287]], Jan 12 2011 {{Open}}<br />
|valign="top" style=white-space:nowrap|<span id="2010"><big>'''2010'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 285]], Dec 29 2010 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 271]], Sep 22 2010 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 260]], Jun 30 2010 {{i}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 257]], Jun 14 2010 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 252]], May 12 2010 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 247]], Apr 7 2010 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 245]], Mar 25 2010 {{i}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 232]], Jan 1 2010 {{mag}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="2009"><big>'''2009'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 220]], Oct 7 2009 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 216]], Sep 9 2009 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 185]], Feb 4 2009 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 184]], Jan 28 2009 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 183]], Jan 21 2009 {{i}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="2008"><big>'''2008'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 165]], Sep 17 2008 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 156]], Jul 16 2008 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 152]], Jun 11 2008 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 146]], May 7 2008 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 144]], Apr 23 2008 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 141]], Apr 2 2008 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 140]], Mar 26 2008 {{Open}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="2007"><big>'''2007'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 127]], Dec 26, 2007 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 123]], Nov 28, 2007 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 116]], Oct 10, 2007 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 113]], Sep 19, 2007 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 111]], Sep 5, 2007 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 110]], Aug 28, 2007 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 109]], Aug 24, 2007 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 105]], Jul 25, 2007 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 103]], Jul 11, 2007 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 102]], Jul 3, 2007 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 100]], June 19, 2007 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 98]], June 6, 2007 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 97]], May 30 2007 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 89]], Apr 4, 2007 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 88]], Mar 28, 2007 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 79]], Jan 24, 2007 {{tick}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="2006"><big>'''2006'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 73]], Dec 13 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 68]], Nov 8 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 62]], Sep 27 2006 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 61]], Sep 20 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 55]], Aug 9 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 49]], Jun 28 2006 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 47]], Jun 14 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 46]], Jun 7 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 38]], Apr 12 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 31]], Feb 22 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 28]], Feb 1 2006 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 27]], Jan 25 2006 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 26]], Jan 17 2006 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 25]], Jan 11 2006 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 24]], Jan 6 2006 {{mag}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="2005"><big>'''2005'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 23]], Dec 21 2005 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 22]], Dec 14 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 21]], Dec 7 2005 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 20]], Nov 23 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 19]], Nov 16 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 18]], Nov 2 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 17]], Oct 26 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 16]], Oct 12 2005 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 15]], Oct 6 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 14]], Sep 28 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 13]], Sep 14 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 12]], Sep 7 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 11]], Aug 31 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 10]], Aug 23 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 9]], Aug 10 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 8]], Aug 2 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 7]], Jul 20 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 6]], Jul 7 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 5]], Jun 29 2005 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 4]], Jun 15 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 3]], Jun 7 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 2]], Jun 1 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 1]], May 4 2005 {{tick}}<br />
|}<br />
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<noinclude><br />
[[Category: List templates]]<br />
</noinclude></div>Mat86https://www.sgutranscripts.org/w/index.php?title=SGU_Episode_391&diff=8573SGU Episode 3912013-12-04T16:47:57Z<p>Mat86: /* Burzynski Challenge (14:50) */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Editing required<br />
|transcription = y<br />
<!-- |proof-reading = y please remove commenting mark-up when some transcription is present --><br />
|Today I Learned list = y<br />
|categories = y<br />
|segment redirects = y <!-- redirect pages for segments with head-line type titles --><br />
|}}<br />
{{InfoBox <br />
|episodeNum = 391<br />
|episodeDate = 12<sup>th</sup> Jan 2013<br />
|episodeIcon = File:DNA3.jpg<br />
|rebecca = y<br />
|bob = y<br />
|jay = y<br />
|evan = y<br />
|downloadLink = http://media.libsyn.com/media/skepticsguide/skepticast2013-01-12.mp3<br />
|forumLink = http://sguforums.com/index.php/topic,44690.0.html<br />
|qowText = Captain, the most elementary and valuable statement in science, the beginning of wisdom, is 'I do not know.'<br />
|qowAuthor = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_%28Star_Trek%29 Lt. Commander Data]<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
''You're listening to the Skeptics' Guide to the Universe, your escape to reality.''<br />
<br />
S: Hello and welcome to the Skeptics' Guide to the Universe. Today is Tuesday, January 8th 2013 and this is your Host, Steven Novella. Joining me this week are Bob Novella,<br />
<br />
B: Hey everybody!<br />
<br />
S: Rebecca Watson<br />
<br />
R: Hello everyone!<br />
<br />
S: Jay Novella,<br />
<br />
J: Hey guys.<br />
<br />
S: and Evan Bernstein.<br />
<br />
E: Hi, hi, hi everyone!<br />
<br />
B: Hello!<br />
<br />
S: Well, hello Mr Deltoid. What's up?<br />
<br />
(''laughter'')<br />
<br />
E: That was on this weekand and for the first time in about --oh, I don't know-- probably fifteen years I sat down and watched it beginning to end...<br />
<br />
All: The Clockwork Orange<br />
<br />
E: The Clockwork Orange, and wow, it's just... it's a ''tour de force'', really.<br />
<br />
S: Did you viddy well, little brother?<br />
<br />
E: (''laughter'')) little bit of the ultra-violence.<br />
<br />
B: That movie, you'd think that it wouldn't age well. Because of just how weird and it seems like it was very much shot in the 70s. It has a very intense 70s feel to it...<br />
<br />
S: ''Weird'' does age well, cause it isn't really anchored in any particular time...<br />
<br />
== This Day in Skepticism <small>(1:04)</small> ==<br />
* January 12, 1967: Dr. James Bedford becomes the first person to be cryonically preserved with intent of future resuscitation.<br />
<br />
R: Hey Jay! Happy bedford Day!<br />
<br />
J: Awesome! Thank you for reminding me!<br />
<br />
E: What's a Bedford?<br />
<br />
R: A bedford is a cryonically preserved man. On January 12th, 1967, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bedford Dr James Bedford] became the first person to be cryonically suspended, following his death from cancer at the age of 73. The ''Life Extension Society'' offered anybody the chance to be the first person to be frozen, and they said, "free of charge". So it was quite the deal, Bedford was accepted, and it's nice to think of this as, like, a happy Futurama-esque type of thing, where he died and he was carefully packed up and placed in a container where he remains to this day. Unfortunately the job was pretty well botched, apparently. Robert Nelson of the Cryonic Society of California took the lead on it, but he was missing for an hour after Bedford died. He eventually came around, and he and his cohorts injected Bedford with all the necessary chemicals, laid dry ice on him and packed him up and shoveled him from place to place as hijinx ensued, apparantly, like a ''Weekend at Bernies'' sequel set in the Arctic.<br />
Within a week Bedford's family could apparently tell how inept Nelson was, and they took control of the body, which was smart because in the following decade Nelson would be sued for allowing nine bodies to thaw without telling anybody...<br />
<br />
B: Oops...<br />
<br />
R: The family ended up spending hundreds of thousands of dollars just to maintain Bedford's body while fighting with various Cryonics organizations, before at last Alcors Life Extension Program stepped in and offered to take him in. Remarkably, throughout all of that Bedfords body did appear to have been frozen through all of this wacky adventures. However, the chemicals he was injected with probably did not prevent ice crystals from forming or in any way protect his brain. So at this point he's probably just a well-preserved frozen meat potato. But he is a well-preserved frozen meat potato of historical import. Happy Bedford Day!<br />
<br />
B: There had to be a first, right?<br />
<br />
S: And he's still at Alcor?<br />
<br />
R: Yes.<br />
<br />
E: Well, contracts are contracts. They have to live up to their obligation.<br />
<br />
B: I wouldn't just say that. I mean, the people at Alcor absolutely have a commitment to preserving life and they knew that this person wanted to be frozen...<br />
<br />
R: But the real heroes of the story are Bedford's family, I think. Because his family apparently didn't even... I think it was mostly his son, his daughter-in-law and his wife, and apparently they didn't even really believe that his was going to work, but they were really committed to honoring his final wishes, so --you know, that's a crazy thing: can you imagine all of that money on chemicals and upkeep just to keep the body of your loved one frozen, when you don't even think that's actually going to do anything? Just because that's what he wanted before he died? It's kind of amazing.<br />
<br />
S: Bob, speaking of frozen temperatures:<br />
<br />
(''laughter'')<br />
<br />
== News Items ==<br />
=== Below Absolute Zero <small>(4:15)</small>===<br />
* [http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23042-cloud-of-atoms-goes-beyond-absolute-zero.html Cloud of atoms goes beyond absolute zero]<br />
<br />
S: I've read on the internet, that scientists have produced a temperature lower than absolute zero, and I know that science reporting on the internet can be misleading. So it's pretty exciting...?<br />
<br />
(''laughter'')<br />
<br />
B: So frustrating. Ah, you know --like Steve was saying-- if you believe in a lot of these news stories, scientists are saying that they have, they've gone faster than the speed of light! -- No, wait, that's not it... They've actually created temperatures colder than absolute zero. There's lots of parellels with the "breaking of the speed of light"... Y'know, so many people are reporting it, it's gotte be true, right? Ah, let me just give you some examples: device.com, a site that I like a lot, wrote in a post: "Scientists have created a gas colder than absolute zero", and Geekosystem said that: "Take that, Lord Kelvin! Researchers create gas particles colder than absolute zero" and it just wrankles me, every time I read that over and over and over. Now, here's some good titles... here are some of the good titles that I came across -- Newscientists had one: "Cloud of atoms goes beyond absolute zero". Now ''beyond'' is much better, it's not perfect but it's much better than ''going below zero'', cause ''beyond'' has lots of other implications with it. And my favorite was from Ars Technica. Their title was: "Entropy drop -- Scientists create negative temperature system" and that's really the crux right there...<br />
<br />
S: That's the only accurate description of all of the things you have said...<br />
<br />
B: Yeah, absolutely. ''Beyond'' I could deal with because in a sense you can think of it of going beyond, but below is kind of pissing me of...<br />
<br />
E: Did you guys find this to be subtle differences or extreme sort of differences...<br />
<br />
B: ...no...<br />
<br />
E: ...and descriptions of what was going on, cause I had a hard time ??? it, too, and I thought it was more on the subtle side.<br />
<br />
B: It's-- some of them, some of the articles were actually fairly decent in some of the details, but they clearly said at the beginning, that they made temperatures colder than absolute zero, which they absolutely did not do. That's, and, just having that one sentence in your article is enought to ruin it for me cause it just shows that you really did not do your research and you don't understand-- as little as I understand, you understand even less. So let's go over what the scientists did or did not do. These scientists were from the University of Munich in Germany. They cooled a 100.000 atoms to a few billionth of a degree Kelvin, nano-Kelvin. Now, we should dive into Kelvin just a little bit. I'm sure just most-- everyone has heard about the Kelvin temperature scale. The important thing is that it's very different from Celsius and Fahrenheit that everyone is used to, because it's an absolute temperature scale. The coldest temperature is zero--bam! That's it! By definition it doesn't get any colder than zero. Otherwise this is known as absolute zero, of course, and this is the point at which all thermal motion stops. And for a little bit of perspective: it's -459°F and -273°C.<br />
<br />
S: And the pedantic point that we often get called on...<br />
<br />
B: and I, cause I said "degrees", you don't have to say "degrees"...<br />
<br />
S: Yeah, there are no "degrees Kelvin", it's just "Kelvin".<br />
<br />
B: Yeah. So it's considered impossible, then, to actually reach absolute zero, which pretty much everyone was just ignoring in these articles. One reason, this was an interesting take: it would take infinite energy to remove that last iotta of heat, kind of exceeding the speed of light, you get diminishing returns, it takes more and more energy to have, you know, less and less significant gain. So, it's kind of like that, with removing heat and making things colder takes more energy. Eventually you would need infinite energy to remove the last bit.<br />
<br />
S: But worse than that, Bob, is that you can't be going slower than stopped, right? I mean, so, conceptionally there is no such thing as "below absolute zero" on that scale!<br />
<br />
E: But there is no quantum equivalent of that? I mean, there is no quantum way to go about achieving that...?<br />
<br />
B: Well, actually it's even worse if you look at it from a quantum mechanical point of view. You know, Heisenberg uncertainty principal says it is a minimum amount of uncertainty in an atom's position and momentum, so if you know where your atom-- you have to know where your atom is in the experiment, so you have to know it's position to a certain level of exactitude. But that means, that the momentum will be even, will have lots of uncertainty. So therefore there's always gonna be this little bit of uncertainty in the movement, which means there's gonna always be some heat, and reaching absolute zero is impossible.<br />
<br />
S: Yeah, cause if you-- if an atom was at absolute rest, than you would know exactly its position and momentum, and that's impossible.<br />
<br />
B: Right, it's just impossible. Which is a lamentation of nature itself, not hour instrumentality or our technology.<br />
<br />
S: ...apperently...<br />
<br />
B: It's beyond that. Yeah. So back to the scientists. So they cooled these atoms, they put 'em in a vacuum of course to isolate them from the environment and other heat sources. And they used --this is critical-- they used a web of laser beams and magnetic fields, to keep the atoms in this sort of lattice arrangement and to control, how they behaved. Now, they authored their behaviour in such a way that they created in essence another state of matter. Another state that scientists unfortunately describe as negative temperature. And I don't like "temperature" in this situation because there's so much baggage with it, cause everyone thinks, you know, "-5 Celsius", "-5 Fahrenheit", I mean the people intuitively know that you can go beyond and, you know, below zero, but you can't do that with Kelvin, and that's -- so it's got a lot of problems with it that people just can't-- or having a hard time just thinking "Oh, so what? Now there weren't below zero, not a big deal! I do that every day in the winter." But when you talk about negative temperature, that's when things get a little bit whacky. It's negative in that the pattern of the distribution of energy is inverted when you compare that pattern to positive temperature. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_distribution Boltzman Distribution] is the distribution of energies of atoms with a positive temperature. Negative temperature is the opposite. It's inverted, so that's kind of where "negative" comes in. It's not negative as in "below zero", it's negative in that it's, the distribution is kind of different.<br />
<br />
So here's a good way to understand it: when you have positive temperature, which is temperature that we know of, that we deal with every day, it's regular temperature that you heard of before you probably even read this article. Positive temperature will always have most of the particles in question in a low-energy state with a decreasing number in higher states. Ok? So no matter how hot things get, you always can have most of those atoms in the lowish energy state, with a number of other, fewer amount of atoms in that higher energy state. So, that's positive energy. <br />
<br />
Negative energy is the exact opposite. Most of the particles are in the highest possible energy state, with fewer and fewer in the lower energy state. ''Bam!'' That's it! That's negative temperature. It doesn't sound that bizzar when you look at it that way. Altough it's not classical, you need a quantum system that really, to really see this. You not gonna see this on some really cold planet in outer space, or pretty much anywhere else. This is something that-- they didn't-- I don't think they even thought they could do this years ago. I didn't even think they thought they can actually pull this off, cause it's such a quirky, unusual thing and you need quatum mechanics to actually do it. So, this temperature realm then wasn't created by slowly cooling more and more until you got below absolute zero. If you think of absolute zero as the low point of a valley between mountains, what they did was not to dig a little bit deeper in that valley; what they did is make it so that in one step you move from the valley to the low point of the valley to the peak of a mountain in just one step. So that's...<br />
<br />
J: What do you mean by one step? I'm not sure...<br />
<br />
B: Because what they did, they took the system of atoms, and they brought it to just about, very close to absolute zero, and then, using the laser beams and magnetic fields, they tweaked in in such a way to give all-- most of the particles the maximum amount of energy that they could attain in that system. So they went to a very low energy, cold system, to a much higher energy, stable system in one step.<br />
<br />
S: The other thing, that --correct me if I'm wrong, Bob-- that, because it was in a vaccuum, and isolated as it was, once the atoms were in that inverted distribution, where they were mostly in a high-energy state, because now we're talking about a different property, and that's-- it's a thermodynamic property of the distribution of energy-- it would actually-- it would have had to spontanously decrease its entropy in order to spread out. And they didn't have the energy to do that. And so it was sort of stuck in that state.<br />
<br />
B: Right. And that was the key to these atoms exhibiting...<br />
<br />
S: yeah<br />
<br />
B: ...that negative temperature effect. Yeah, that was absolute key: Without their artificial manipulation of those atoms using their technology, their lasers and magnetic fields, they would}ve never been able to pull this off. But they did show that they can create this realm of negative temperature, and this isn't just a weird little, you know, lab experiment. This is real, this is definitely something that exists.<br />
<br />
E: It occurs naturally, Bob?<br />
<br />
B: No, but it's... negative temperature may result from a, like, a quirk in our technical definition of temperature, when you bring in thermodynamics and energy, but the behaviour of these systems are bizarr and they are very real, so this is a real thing. And the potential, I think, is really, really fascinating. For example, the negative temperatures kept the cluster of atoms from collapsing, which has some similarities to dark energy and how it's preventing the universe from collapsing, so we might get some insight into dark energy from these, this, you know, negative temperature realm here. Another one is that the negative temperatures could create these really bizarr, hyper-efficient heat engines, really wild stuff, they could potentially not only absorb energy from hotter substance but they could absorb energy from colder ones also at the same time. Really kinda counter-intuitive things that a heat engine based on this technology could potentially do. Another thing is that a cloud of these negative temperature atoms-- they would actually in a sense defy gravity: they would float up instead of floating down as you would think. So there is a lot of meat to this topic. If you're even a little interested, I recommend just go to a bunch of websites, especially Ars Technica, had a great discussion of this. (inaudible) original work from the authors, and it's really fascinating stuff.<br />
<br />
S: Yeah, it's interesting. It's very-- definitely esoteric. But one concept, I think, that really makes it is the thermodynamic distribution of the energies. Once you get that, than it's all-- seems to make sense.<br />
<br />
B: Right.<br />
<br />
S: Alright, let's get down to earth, I guess, a little bit. Rebecca, tell us about the Houston cancer quack.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Burzynski Challenge <small>(14:50)</small>===<br />
* [http://thehoustoncancerquack.com/ Happy Birthday, Dr. Burzynski!]<br />
<br />
R: Happy Birthday Stanilaw Burzynski<br />
<br />
S: who by the way was my jackass of the year for 2012<br />
<br />
R: that's right<br />
<br />
E: Ah<br />
<br />
R:if our listeners recalled two long episodes ago we did talk about Burzynski. He is the jerkwad who sells phony quote and quote cures to people with cancer at a very steep price in Houston and he's also of course threatened to sue ton of people who critize him incluiding skeptical teenage hero Rhys Morgan.<br />
<br />
E: Yeah and now there is you calling him jerkwad<br />
<br />
R: (laughs) Oh yeah i'm looking forward to my letter from his lawyers. So yes skeptics are doing something about it. If you go to the Houston cancer quack[http://thehoustoncancerquack.com], you will see information on the fact that on january 23<sup>rd</sup>, it's Stanislaw Burzinski's 78<sup>th</sup> birthday. and to mark that occasion skeptics are attempting to raise at least 30 000 dollars which they will donate to St Jude children's hospital for kids with cancer and what they're doing is they're hoping to attract some a bit of media attention to this and also to challenge Burzinski to match those funds in order to help kids with cancer as oppose to ripping off people of all ages with cancer as he currently does. the 30 000 mark was chosen because that's about the cost of what Burzinski charges for his anti-neoplaston therapy Steve say it<br />
<br />
S: Anti-neoplaston yeah<br />
<br />
R: So yeah 30 ... 30 grand, it' what it costs so wouldn't it be cool if we could raise 30 000 dollars and then go to him and say will you match us? will you actually help kids with cancer? I'm not expecting him to match it but what we can do is raise some money for a good cause while hopefully turning a bit of the media spotlight on to Burzinski in the hopes that more people will call him out maybe he will be further investigated maybe we can prevent more people from getting rip off.<br />
<br />
E: Hey is there any chance that he is gonna pony up 30 grand and kinda turn it to his advantages in a sense and you know say I'm not such a bad guy after all look at me I'm you know I love children too and all that stuff?<br />
<br />
R: Well you know even if he does then great for children with cancer I'm mean it's kind of "&ndash;"<br />
<br />
E: Well sure<br />
<br />
R: It's kinda of a win-win on our end because you know "&ndash;"<br />
<br />
E: But does he look a sympathetic figure at that point I'm just saying but we're trying to frame the debate here and let people understand exactly what's going on. Will people be sympathetic to him?<br />
<br />
S: Say will it be a PR backfire if he actually gives the money?<br />
<br />
R: I can't imagine that it would because what this is doing it's simply turning the microscope under Burzinsky because once we show what he's actually doing regardless of whether or not he ponies up the 30 000 dollars. More media attention on what he's doing means that he's going to be called out, that he won't be able to perpetuate his little scam.<br />
<br />
S:Well we hope, I mean, the evidence suggest that more media attention might actually drive more patients to his clinic.<br />
<br />
R: That's true. That could happen<br />
<br />
S: We can't really guaranty that's not the case. But it is I mean you know, they're trying to frame the question in a loaded way that 's sort of a no win for him. It's like: will you finally do something to help, to really help cancer patients? you know that's like: have you stopped beating your wife yet? There is no question<br />
<br />
"'(laughter)"<br />
<br />
S: That you give to that. there is no answer you can give to call into question the question itself but "&ndash;"<br />
<br />
R: Yeah there is "&ndash;"<br />
<br />
B: Whatever<br />
<br />
R: That all the information that they're sending out in order to promote this effort includes extensive information on Burzinski's unethical trials and things like that and even actual descriptions of what happen to people who have been ripped off by him so<br />
<br />
S: Yeah<br />
<br />
R: You know patients stories<br />
<br />
S: It's amazing that he's been able to scurp <!-- not sure of the word--> by for decades. <br />
<br />
R: So yeah, I mean all of this it's going out to media outlets and I don't know I'm hopeful though we can actually catch someone eyes you know get some actually investigative reports done. I've already seen some. There is some major online outlets that have covered him like Boing Boing.<br />
<br />
S: Yeah<br />
<br />
R:I believe it has taking him to task<br />
<br />
E: That's good<br />
<br />
R: So yeah so hopefully we get a bit more of that going.<br />
<br />
S: Yeah<br />
<br />
R: I wish them the best of luck <br />
<br />
S: Yeah I "&ndash" absolutely it's a reasonable idea you know. I'd say it couldn't hurt, I hope not but I do think he's got enough exposure. He probably has more than enough patients to treat so doesn't really matter if he gets more attention.<br />
<br />
E:Yeah<br />
<br />
S: You know he's already come up against the Texas board of health and got in by multiple times I don't know what else we can do from that point of view.<br />
<br />
R: Yeah I mean if there is enough public outrage then you know there is more look how long it took "&ndash"<br />
<br />
S: (inaudible)<br />
<br />
R: Look how long it took to get rid of Wakefield you know<br />
<br />
E: Oof... 12 years <br />
<br />
R: Yeah and a lot of that came by the efforts of skeptics you know who didn't stop criticizing, didn't stop publicizing what he was doing<br />
<br />
S: Yeah the only difference is that Burzinsky has already gone through the process and got off<br />
<br />
R: Yeah<br />
<br />
S: You know it's not like they just haven't seen fit to investigate him or bring him before the board of health it's been done. He just manages to slink away every time.<br />
<br />
R: Yeah<br />
<br />
S: Which is unfortunate. I think it's just we just don't have the regulatory infrastructure here to deal with people like Burzinsky. So long as you're not doing certain things as sleeping with your patients or overbilling medic care you know if you're not doing those things if you're just practicing pseudo-science, it's very difficult and in some states impossible to<br />
<br />
E: Wah<br />
<br />
S: To get doctors you know to hem to act against their license or to do something. Base upon that the only thing you're left with is malpractice.<br />
<br />
E: Yeah malpractice<br />
<br />
S: Yeah but then you need somebody to sue him you know for malpractice<br />
<br />
R: Are there any lobbying groups that are working on trying to push for legislation on things like that, do you know of, Steve?<br />
<br />
S: Well there is the institute for science and medicine, ISM, of which I am the chairman<br />
<br />
R: Never heard of them<br />
<br />
S: Yeah<br />
<br />
"'(laughter)"<br />
<br />
E: What now?<br />
<br />
S: We're still getting started. It's the same casting characters: skeptical physicians who are trying to do this and then there are definitively local efforts in various states but not nearly enough. The problem is that we don't have funding you know this is something we do on our spare time on a shoe string budget. Whereas we're fighting against people who have millions of dollars at their disposal because there is money on the other side and there isn't money on our side. There is money in selling snake oil and pseudo-science. There is no money on calling BS on it.<br />
<br />
R:Well, maybe that should be this group next fund raising effort<br />
<br />
S: Sure<br />
<br />
"'(laughter)"<br />
<br />
S: Well we're always talking about what we could be doing on our end to try to combat this. So anyway this is a reasonable enough experiment and we'll see how it goes. I wish it well.<br />
<br />
=== Genome Editing <small>(22:24)</small>===<br />
* [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/editing-the-genome-with-high-precision-0103.html Editing the genome with high precision]<br />
<br />
=== Celebrity Pseudoscience <small>(32:59)</small>===<br />
* [http://bodyodd.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/28/16213010-wacky-celebrity-fads-of-2012-dried-placenta-pills-oxygen-shots?lite Wacky celebrity fads of 2012: Dried placenta pills, oxygen shots]<br />
<br />
=== Celebrity Experts <small>(43:20)</small>===<br />
* [http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2013/01/can_you_trust_dr_oz_his_medical_advice_often_conflicts_with_the_best_science.single.html Dr. Oz’s Miraculous Medical Advice]<br />
<br />
== Who's That Noisy? <small>(49:13)</small>==<br />
* Last week's puzzle: A jeweler has 9 pearls, which all look and feel exactly alike. However, he knows that one of them weighs more than the other 8. He has access to a classic scale (the ones with two arms, often seen in Lady Justice's hand). What is the minimum number of measurements required to know, with absolute certainty, which pearl is the one that weights more? Answer: 2<br />
<br />
== Name That Logical Fallacy <small>(52:47)</small> ==<br />
<blockquote>It’s really not that hard to answer those questions no matter what understanding you come from. God of course created them full grown to start with. Adam did not have to wait for the trees to grow old enough to bear fruit from a seedling start. God did not create trees as seeds in the ground, and God according to Genesis did not create an egg for the first chicken to hatch from. The Starting place of growth of all creation is clearly full grown adulthood. The light-year travel time is clearly by the same extension created already reaching the earth. Basically at the same extension that God created all the matter and energy and photons in the star light-years away, he also simultaneously created every photon from its rays traveling to earth.<ref>[http://www.debate.org/debates/The-fundamentalist-doctrine-of-Young-Earth-Creationism-is-incompatible-with-cosmic-realities./1/ The fundamentalist doctrine of "Young Earth Creationism" is incompatible with cosmic realities.]</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
== Science or Fiction <small>(1:02:02)</small> ==<br />
[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130107082614.htm Item number one]. A new study finds that the international prototype kilogram (IPK) has put on about 100 micrograms during its lifetime. <br />
[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20931304 Item number two]. China is confirmed to have "cyber assassin" agents who specialize in killing targets by hacking medical or other technology.<br />
And [http://phys.org/news/2013-01-molds-sexually-thought-years.html item number three]. Scientists discover that the Penicillium mold is able to reproduce sexually. <br />
<br />
== Skeptical Quote of the Week <small>(1:16:06)</small> ==<br />
<blockquote>Captain, the most elementary and valuable statement in science, the beginning of wisdom, is 'I do not know.'</blockquote><br />
Lt. Commander Data played by Brent Spiner <br />
<br />
== Announcements ==<br />
=== NECSS <small>(1:16:52)</small> ===<br />
[http://necss.org/ NECSS - Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism]<br />
<br />
{{Outro1}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Navigation}} <!-- inserts images that link to the previous and next episode pages --></div>Mat86https://www.sgutranscripts.org/w/index.php?title=SGU_Episode_391&diff=8572SGU Episode 3912013-12-04T12:58:53Z<p>Mat86: /* Burzynski Challenge (14:50) */</p>
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|episodeDate = 12<sup>th</sup> Jan 2013<br />
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|forumLink = http://sguforums.com/index.php/topic,44690.0.html<br />
|qowText = Captain, the most elementary and valuable statement in science, the beginning of wisdom, is 'I do not know.'<br />
|qowAuthor = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_%28Star_Trek%29 Lt. Commander Data]<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
''You're listening to the Skeptics' Guide to the Universe, your escape to reality.''<br />
<br />
S: Hello and welcome to the Skeptics' Guide to the Universe. Today is Tuesday, January 8th 2013 and this is your Host, Steven Novella. Joining me this week are Bob Novella,<br />
<br />
B: Hey everybody!<br />
<br />
S: Rebecca Watson<br />
<br />
R: Hello everyone!<br />
<br />
S: Jay Novella,<br />
<br />
J: Hey guys.<br />
<br />
S: and Evan Bernstein.<br />
<br />
E: Hi, hi, hi everyone!<br />
<br />
B: Hello!<br />
<br />
S: Well, hello Mr Deltoid. What's up?<br />
<br />
(''laughter'')<br />
<br />
E: That was on this weekand and for the first time in about --oh, I don't know-- probably fifteen years I sat down and watched it beginning to end...<br />
<br />
All: The Clockwork Orange<br />
<br />
E: The Clockwork Orange, and wow, it's just... it's a ''tour de force'', really.<br />
<br />
S: Did you viddy well, little brother?<br />
<br />
E: (''laughter'')) little bit of the ultra-violence.<br />
<br />
B: That movie, you'd think that it wouldn't age well. Because of just how weird and it seems like it was very much shot in the 70s. It has a very intense 70s feel to it...<br />
<br />
S: ''Weird'' does age well, cause it isn't really anchored in any particular time...<br />
<br />
== This Day in Skepticism <small>(1:04)</small> ==<br />
* January 12, 1967: Dr. James Bedford becomes the first person to be cryonically preserved with intent of future resuscitation.<br />
<br />
R: Hey Jay! Happy bedford Day!<br />
<br />
J: Awesome! Thank you for reminding me!<br />
<br />
E: What's a Bedford?<br />
<br />
R: A bedford is a cryonically preserved man. On January 12th, 1967, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bedford Dr James Bedford] became the first person to be cryonically suspended, following his death from cancer at the age of 73. The ''Life Extension Society'' offered anybody the chance to be the first person to be frozen, and they said, "free of charge". So it was quite the deal, Bedford was accepted, and it's nice to think of this as, like, a happy Futurama-esque type of thing, where he died and he was carefully packed up and placed in a container where he remains to this day. Unfortunately the job was pretty well botched, apparently. Robert Nelson of the Cryonic Society of California took the lead on it, but he was missing for an hour after Bedford died. He eventually came around, and he and his cohorts injected Bedford with all the necessary chemicals, laid dry ice on him and packed him up and shoveled him from place to place as hijinx ensued, apparantly, like a ''Weekend at Bernies'' sequel set in the Arctic.<br />
Within a week Bedford's family could apparently tell how inept Nelson was, and they took control of the body, which was smart because in the following decade Nelson would be sued for allowing nine bodies to thaw without telling anybody...<br />
<br />
B: Oops...<br />
<br />
R: The family ended up spending hundreds of thousands of dollars just to maintain Bedford's body while fighting with various Cryonics organizations, before at last Alcors Life Extension Program stepped in and offered to take him in. Remarkably, throughout all of that Bedfords body did appear to have been frozen through all of this wacky adventures. However, the chemicals he was injected with probably did not prevent ice crystals from forming or in any way protect his brain. So at this point he's probably just a well-preserved frozen meat potato. But he is a well-preserved frozen meat potato of historical import. Happy Bedford Day!<br />
<br />
B: There had to be a first, right?<br />
<br />
S: And he's still at Alcor?<br />
<br />
R: Yes.<br />
<br />
E: Well, contracts are contracts. They have to live up to their obligation.<br />
<br />
B: I wouldn't just say that. I mean, the people at Alcor absolutely have a commitment to preserving life and they knew that this person wanted to be frozen...<br />
<br />
R: But the real heroes of the story are Bedford's family, I think. Because his family apparently didn't even... I think it was mostly his son, his daughter-in-law and his wife, and apparently they didn't even really believe that his was going to work, but they were really committed to honoring his final wishes, so --you know, that's a crazy thing: can you imagine all of that money on chemicals and upkeep just to keep the body of your loved one frozen, when you don't even think that's actually going to do anything? Just because that's what he wanted before he died? It's kind of amazing.<br />
<br />
S: Bob, speaking of frozen temperatures:<br />
<br />
(''laughter'')<br />
<br />
== News Items ==<br />
=== Below Absolute Zero <small>(4:15)</small>===<br />
* [http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23042-cloud-of-atoms-goes-beyond-absolute-zero.html Cloud of atoms goes beyond absolute zero]<br />
<br />
S: I've read on the internet, that scientists have produced a temperature lower than absolute zero, and I know that science reporting on the internet can be misleading. So it's pretty exciting...?<br />
<br />
(''laughter'')<br />
<br />
B: So frustrating. Ah, you know --like Steve was saying-- if you believe in a lot of these news stories, scientists are saying that they have, they've gone faster than the speed of light! -- No, wait, that's not it... They've actually created temperatures colder than absolute zero. There's lots of parellels with the "breaking of the speed of light"... Y'know, so many people are reporting it, it's gotte be true, right? Ah, let me just give you some examples: device.com, a site that I like a lot, wrote in a post: "Scientists have created a gas colder than absolute zero", and Geekosystem said that: "Take that, Lord Kelvin! Researchers create gas particles colder than absolute zero" and it just wrankles me, every time I read that over and over and over. Now, here's some good titles... here are some of the good titles that I came across -- Newscientists had one: "Cloud of atoms goes beyond absolute zero". Now ''beyond'' is much better, it's not perfect but it's much better than ''going below zero'', cause ''beyond'' has lots of other implications with it. And my favorite was from Ars Technica. Their title was: "Entropy drop -- Scientists create negative temperature system" and that's really the crux right there...<br />
<br />
S: That's the only accurate description of all of the things you have said...<br />
<br />
B: Yeah, absolutely. ''Beyond'' I could deal with because in a sense you can think of it of going beyond, but below is kind of pissing me of...<br />
<br />
E: Did you guys find this to be subtle differences or extreme sort of differences...<br />
<br />
B: ...no...<br />
<br />
E: ...and descriptions of what was going on, cause I had a hard time ??? it, too, and I thought it was more on the subtle side.<br />
<br />
B: It's-- some of them, some of the articles were actually fairly decent in some of the details, but they clearly said at the beginning, that they made temperatures colder than absolute zero, which they absolutely did not do. That's, and, just having that one sentence in your article is enought to ruin it for me cause it just shows that you really did not do your research and you don't understand-- as little as I understand, you understand even less. So let's go over what the scientists did or did not do. These scientists were from the University of Munich in Germany. They cooled a 100.000 atoms to a few billionth of a degree Kelvin, nano-Kelvin. Now, we should dive into Kelvin just a little bit. I'm sure just most-- everyone has heard about the Kelvin temperature scale. The important thing is that it's very different from Celsius and Fahrenheit that everyone is used to, because it's an absolute temperature scale. The coldest temperature is zero--bam! That's it! By definition it doesn't get any colder than zero. Otherwise this is known as absolute zero, of course, and this is the point at which all thermal motion stops. And for a little bit of perspective: it's -459°F and -273°C.<br />
<br />
S: And the pedantic point that we often get called on...<br />
<br />
B: and I, cause I said "degrees", you don't have to say "degrees"...<br />
<br />
S: Yeah, there are no "degrees Kelvin", it's just "Kelvin".<br />
<br />
B: Yeah. So it's considered impossible, then, to actually reach absolute zero, which pretty much everyone was just ignoring in these articles. One reason, this was an interesting take: it would take infinite energy to remove that last iotta of heat, kind of exceeding the speed of light, you get diminishing returns, it takes more and more energy to have, you know, less and less significant gain. So, it's kind of like that, with removing heat and making things colder takes more energy. Eventually you would need infinite energy to remove the last bit.<br />
<br />
S: But worse than that, Bob, is that you can't be going slower than stopped, right? I mean, so, conceptionally there is no such thing as "below absolute zero" on that scale!<br />
<br />
E: But there is no quantum equivalent of that? I mean, there is no quantum way to go about achieving that...?<br />
<br />
B: Well, actually it's even worse if you look at it from a quantum mechanical point of view. You know, Heisenberg uncertainty principal says it is a minimum amount of uncertainty in an atom's position and momentum, so if you know where your atom-- you have to know where your atom is in the experiment, so you have to know it's position to a certain level of exactitude. But that means, that the momentum will be even, will have lots of uncertainty. So therefore there's always gonna be this little bit of uncertainty in the movement, which means there's gonna always be some heat, and reaching absolute zero is impossible.<br />
<br />
S: Yeah, cause if you-- if an atom was at absolute rest, than you would know exactly its position and momentum, and that's impossible.<br />
<br />
B: Right, it's just impossible. Which is a lamentation of nature itself, not hour instrumentality or our technology.<br />
<br />
S: ...apperently...<br />
<br />
B: It's beyond that. Yeah. So back to the scientists. So they cooled these atoms, they put 'em in a vacuum of course to isolate them from the environment and other heat sources. And they used --this is critical-- they used a web of laser beams and magnetic fields, to keep the atoms in this sort of lattice arrangement and to control, how they behaved. Now, they authored their behaviour in such a way that they created in essence another state of matter. Another state that scientists unfortunately describe as negative temperature. And I don't like "temperature" in this situation because there's so much baggage with it, cause everyone thinks, you know, "-5 Celsius", "-5 Fahrenheit", I mean the people intuitively know that you can go beyond and, you know, below zero, but you can't do that with Kelvin, and that's -- so it's got a lot of problems with it that people just can't-- or having a hard time just thinking "Oh, so what? Now there weren't below zero, not a big deal! I do that every day in the winter." But when you talk about negative temperature, that's when things get a little bit whacky. It's negative in that the pattern of the distribution of energy is inverted when you compare that pattern to positive temperature. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_distribution Boltzman Distribution] is the distribution of energies of atoms with a positive temperature. Negative temperature is the opposite. It's inverted, so that's kind of where "negative" comes in. It's not negative as in "below zero", it's negative in that it's, the distribution is kind of different.<br />
<br />
So here's a good way to understand it: when you have positive temperature, which is temperature that we know of, that we deal with every day, it's regular temperature that you heard of before you probably even read this article. Positive temperature will always have most of the particles in question in a low-energy state with a decreasing number in higher states. Ok? So no matter how hot things get, you always can have most of those atoms in the lowish energy state, with a number of other, fewer amount of atoms in that higher energy state. So, that's positive energy. <br />
<br />
Negative energy is the exact opposite. Most of the particles are in the highest possible energy state, with fewer and fewer in the lower energy state. ''Bam!'' That's it! That's negative temperature. It doesn't sound that bizzar when you look at it that way. Altough it's not classical, you need a quantum system that really, to really see this. You not gonna see this on some really cold planet in outer space, or pretty much anywhere else. This is something that-- they didn't-- I don't think they even thought they could do this years ago. I didn't even think they thought they can actually pull this off, cause it's such a quirky, unusual thing and you need quatum mechanics to actually do it. So, this temperature realm then wasn't created by slowly cooling more and more until you got below absolute zero. If you think of absolute zero as the low point of a valley between mountains, what they did was not to dig a little bit deeper in that valley; what they did is make it so that in one step you move from the valley to the low point of the valley to the peak of a mountain in just one step. So that's...<br />
<br />
J: What do you mean by one step? I'm not sure...<br />
<br />
B: Because what they did, they took the system of atoms, and they brought it to just about, very close to absolute zero, and then, using the laser beams and magnetic fields, they tweaked in in such a way to give all-- most of the particles the maximum amount of energy that they could attain in that system. So they went to a very low energy, cold system, to a much higher energy, stable system in one step.<br />
<br />
S: The other thing, that --correct me if I'm wrong, Bob-- that, because it was in a vaccuum, and isolated as it was, once the atoms were in that inverted distribution, where they were mostly in a high-energy state, because now we're talking about a different property, and that's-- it's a thermodynamic property of the distribution of energy-- it would actually-- it would have had to spontanously decrease its entropy in order to spread out. And they didn't have the energy to do that. And so it was sort of stuck in that state.<br />
<br />
B: Right. And that was the key to these atoms exhibiting...<br />
<br />
S: yeah<br />
<br />
B: ...that negative temperature effect. Yeah, that was absolute key: Without their artificial manipulation of those atoms using their technology, their lasers and magnetic fields, they would}ve never been able to pull this off. But they did show that they can create this realm of negative temperature, and this isn't just a weird little, you know, lab experiment. This is real, this is definitely something that exists.<br />
<br />
E: It occurs naturally, Bob?<br />
<br />
B: No, but it's... negative temperature may result from a, like, a quirk in our technical definition of temperature, when you bring in thermodynamics and energy, but the behaviour of these systems are bizarr and they are very real, so this is a real thing. And the potential, I think, is really, really fascinating. For example, the negative temperatures kept the cluster of atoms from collapsing, which has some similarities to dark energy and how it's preventing the universe from collapsing, so we might get some insight into dark energy from these, this, you know, negative temperature realm here. Another one is that the negative temperatures could create these really bizarr, hyper-efficient heat engines, really wild stuff, they could potentially not only absorb energy from hotter substance but they could absorb energy from colder ones also at the same time. Really kinda counter-intuitive things that a heat engine based on this technology could potentially do. Another thing is that a cloud of these negative temperature atoms-- they would actually in a sense defy gravity: they would float up instead of floating down as you would think. So there is a lot of meat to this topic. If you're even a little interested, I recommend just go to a bunch of websites, especially Ars Technica, had a great discussion of this. (inaudible) original work from the authors, and it's really fascinating stuff.<br />
<br />
S: Yeah, it's interesting. It's very-- definitely esoteric. But one concept, I think, that really makes it is the thermodynamic distribution of the energies. Once you get that, than it's all-- seems to make sense.<br />
<br />
B: Right.<br />
<br />
S: Alright, let's get down to earth, I guess, a little bit. Rebecca, tell us about the Houston cancer quack.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Burzynski Challenge <small>(14:50)</small>===<br />
* [http://thehoustoncancerquack.com/ Happy Birthday, Dr. Burzynski!]<br />
<br />
R: Happy Birthday Stanilaw Burzynski<br />
<br />
S: who by the way was my jackass of the year for 2012<br />
<br />
R: that's right<br />
<br />
E: Ah<br />
<br />
R:if our listeners recalled two long episodes ago we did talk about Burzynski. He is the jerkwad who sells phony quote and quote cures to people with cancer at a very steep price in Houston and he's also of course threatened to sue ton of people who critize him incluiding skeptical teenage hero Rhys Morgan.<br />
<br />
=== Genome Editing <small>(22:24)</small>===<br />
* [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/editing-the-genome-with-high-precision-0103.html Editing the genome with high precision]<br />
<br />
=== Celebrity Pseudoscience <small>(32:59)</small>===<br />
* [http://bodyodd.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/28/16213010-wacky-celebrity-fads-of-2012-dried-placenta-pills-oxygen-shots?lite Wacky celebrity fads of 2012: Dried placenta pills, oxygen shots]<br />
<br />
=== Celebrity Experts <small>(43:20)</small>===<br />
* [http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2013/01/can_you_trust_dr_oz_his_medical_advice_often_conflicts_with_the_best_science.single.html Dr. Oz’s Miraculous Medical Advice]<br />
<br />
== Who's That Noisy? <small>(49:13)</small>==<br />
* Last week's puzzle: A jeweler has 9 pearls, which all look and feel exactly alike. However, he knows that one of them weighs more than the other 8. He has access to a classic scale (the ones with two arms, often seen in Lady Justice's hand). What is the minimum number of measurements required to know, with absolute certainty, which pearl is the one that weights more? Answer: 2<br />
<br />
== Name That Logical Fallacy <small>(52:47)</small> ==<br />
<blockquote>It’s really not that hard to answer those questions no matter what understanding you come from. God of course created them full grown to start with. Adam did not have to wait for the trees to grow old enough to bear fruit from a seedling start. God did not create trees as seeds in the ground, and God according to Genesis did not create an egg for the first chicken to hatch from. The Starting place of growth of all creation is clearly full grown adulthood. The light-year travel time is clearly by the same extension created already reaching the earth. Basically at the same extension that God created all the matter and energy and photons in the star light-years away, he also simultaneously created every photon from its rays traveling to earth.<ref>[http://www.debate.org/debates/The-fundamentalist-doctrine-of-Young-Earth-Creationism-is-incompatible-with-cosmic-realities./1/ The fundamentalist doctrine of "Young Earth Creationism" is incompatible with cosmic realities.]</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
== Science or Fiction <small>(1:02:02)</small> ==<br />
[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130107082614.htm Item number one]. A new study finds that the international prototype kilogram (IPK) has put on about 100 micrograms during its lifetime. <br />
[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20931304 Item number two]. China is confirmed to have "cyber assassin" agents who specialize in killing targets by hacking medical or other technology.<br />
And [http://phys.org/news/2013-01-molds-sexually-thought-years.html item number three]. Scientists discover that the Penicillium mold is able to reproduce sexually. <br />
<br />
== Skeptical Quote of the Week <small>(1:16:06)</small> ==<br />
<blockquote>Captain, the most elementary and valuable statement in science, the beginning of wisdom, is 'I do not know.'</blockquote><br />
Lt. Commander Data played by Brent Spiner <br />
<br />
== Announcements ==<br />
=== NECSS <small>(1:16:52)</small> ===<br />
[http://necss.org/ NECSS - Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism]<br />
<br />
{{Outro1}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Navigation}} <!-- inserts images that link to the previous and next episode pages --></div>Mat86https://www.sgutranscripts.org/w/index.php?title=Template:SGU_episode_list&diff=8571Template:SGU episode list2013-12-04T12:27:42Z<p>Mat86: </p>
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<div><noinclude>This template is used to display the list of full-length episodes on the [[Main Page]] and the [[SGU Episodes]] page. Additions and amendments to this template will be reflected on those pages.<br />
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Where the first pass of transcription is done using Google Speech API, the page should be followed by <code><nowiki>{{a}}</nowiki></code> to add the microphone icon.<br />
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Pages currently in progress should be followed by <code><nowiki>{{i}}</nowiki></code> to add the pencil icon, and pages that have sections open to other contributors to transcribe should be followed by <code><nowiki>{{Open}}</nowiki></code> to include the green arrow icon. <br />
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Pages that have been proof-read and verified by a contributor other than the author should be followed by <code><nowiki>{{tick}}</nowiki></code> to include the green tick icon.<br /></noinclude><br />
Below are links to all the SGU episodes with transcription pages. <br />
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Jump to: [[#2012|2012]], [[#2011|2011]], [[#2010|2010]], [[#2009|2009]], [[#2008|2008]], [[#2007|2007]], [[#2006|2006]], [[#2005|2005]]<br />
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{|style="margin:1em 3em"<br />
|style="padding-right: 6em;white-space:nowrap" valign="top"|<span id="2013"><big>'''2013'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 437]], Nov 30 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 436]], Nov 23 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 435]], Nov 16 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 434]], Nov 9 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 433]], Nov 2 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 432]], Oct 26 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 431]], Oct 19 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 430]], Oct 12 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 429]], Oct 5 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 428]], Sep 28 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 427]], Sep 21 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 426]], Sep 14 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 425]], Sep 7 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 424]], Aug 31 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 423]], Aug 24 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 422]], Aug 17 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 421]], Aug 10 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 420]], Aug 3 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 419]], Jul 27 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 418]], Jul 20 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 417]], Jul 13 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 416]], Jul 6 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 415]], Jun 29 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 414]], Jun 22 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 413]], Jun 15 2013 {{Open}}{{a}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 412]], Jun 8 2013 {{Open}}{{a}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 411]], Jun 1 2013 {{a}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 410]], May 25 2013 {{Tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 409]], May 18 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 408]], May 11 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 407]], May 4 2013 {{Open}}{{a}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 406]], Apr 27 2013 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 405]], Apr 20 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 404]], Apr 13 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 403]], Apr 6 2013 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 402]], Mar 30 2013 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 401]], Mar 23 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 400]], Mar 16 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 399]], Mar 9 2013 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 398]], Mar 2 2013 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 397]], Feb 23 2013 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 396]], Feb 16 2013 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 395]], Feb 9 2013 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 394]], Feb 2 2013 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 393]], Jan 26 2013 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 392]], Jan 19 2013 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 391]], Jan 12 2013 {{i}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 390]], Jan 5 2013 {{mag}}<br />
<br />
<span id="2012"><big>'''2012'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 389]], Dec 29 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 388]], Dec 22 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 387]], Dec 15 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 386]], Dec 8 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 385]], Dec 1 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 384]], Nov 24 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 383]], Nov 17 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 382]], Nov 10 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 381]], Nov 3 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 380]], Oct 27 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 379]], Oct 20 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 378]], Oct 13 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 377]], Oct 6 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 376]], Sep 29 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 375]], Sep 22 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 374]], Sep 15 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 373]], Sep 8 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 372]], Sep 1 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 371]], Aug 25 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 370]], Aug 18 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 369]], Aug 11 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 368]], Aug 4 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 367]], Jul 28 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 366]], Jul 21 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 365]], Jul 14 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 364]], Jul 7 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 363]], Jun 30 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 362]], Jun 23 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 361]], Jun 16 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 360]], Jun 9 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 359]], Jun 2 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 358]], May 26 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 357]], May 19 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 356]], May 12 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 355]], May 5 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 354]], Apr 28 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 353]], Apr 21 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 352]], Apr 14 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 351]], Apr 7 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 350]], Mar 31 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 349]], Mar 24 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 348]], Mar 17 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 347]], Mar 10 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 346]], Mar 3 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 345]], Feb 25 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 341]], Jan 28 2012 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 340]], Jan 21 2012 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 339]], Jan 14 2012 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 338]], Jan 7 2012 {{tick}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="2011"><big>'''2011'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 337]], Dec 31 2011 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 335]], Dec 17 2011 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 331]], Nov 19 2011 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 330]], Nov 11 2011 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 328]], Oct 29 2011 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU 24hr]], Sep 23-24 2011<br />
* [[SGU Episode 320]], Aug 29 2011 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 312]], Jul 5 2011 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 308]], Jun 08 2011 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 298]], Mar 30 2011 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 287]], Jan 12 2011 {{Open}}<br />
|valign="top" style=white-space:nowrap|<span id="2010"><big>'''2010'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 285]], Dec 29 2010 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 271]], Sep 22 2010 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 260]], Jun 30 2010 {{i}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 257]], Jun 14 2010 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 252]], May 12 2010 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 247]], Apr 7 2010 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 245]], Mar 25 2010 {{i}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 232]], Jan 1 2010 {{mag}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="2009"><big>'''2009'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 220]], Oct 7 2009 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 216]], Sep 9 2009 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 185]], Feb 4 2009 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 184]], Jan 28 2009 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 183]], Jan 21 2009 {{i}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="2008"><big>'''2008'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 165]], Sep 17 2008 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 156]], Jul 16 2008 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 152]], Jun 11 2008 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 146]], May 7 2008 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 144]], Apr 23 2008 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 141]], Apr 2 2008 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 140]], Mar 26 2008 {{Open}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="2007"><big>'''2007'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 127]], Dec 26, 2007 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 123]], Nov 28, 2007 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 116]], Oct 10, 2007 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 113]], Sep 19, 2007 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 111]], Sep 5, 2007 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 110]], Aug 28, 2007 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 109]], Aug 24, 2007 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 105]], Jul 25, 2007 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 103]], Jul 11, 2007 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 102]], Jul 3, 2007 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 100]], June 19, 2007 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 98]], June 6, 2007 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 97]], May 30 2007 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 89]], Apr 4, 2007 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 88]], Mar 28, 2007 {{open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 79]], Jan 24, 2007 {{tick}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="2006"><big>'''2006'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 73]], Dec 13 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 68]], Nov 8 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 62]], Sep 27 2006 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 61]], Sep 20 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 55]], Aug 9 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 49]], Jun 28 2006 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 47]], Jun 14 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 46]], Jun 7 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 38]], Apr 12 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 31]], Feb 22 2006 {{Open}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 28]], Feb 1 2006 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 27]], Jan 25 2006 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 26]], Jan 17 2006 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 25]], Jan 11 2006 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 24]], Jan 6 2006 {{mag}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="2005"><big>'''2005'''</big></span><br />
----<br />
* [[SGU Episode 23]], Dec 21 2005 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 22]], Dec 14 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 21]], Dec 7 2005 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 20]], Nov 23 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 19]], Nov 16 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 18]], Nov 2 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 17]], Oct 26 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 16]], Oct 12 2005 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 15]], Oct 6 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 14]], Sep 28 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 13]], Sep 14 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 12]], Sep 7 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 11]], Aug 31 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 10]], Aug 23 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 9]], Aug 10 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 8]], Aug 2 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 7]], Jul 20 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 6]], Jul 7 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 5]], Jun 29 2005 {{mag}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 4]], Jun 15 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 3]], Jun 7 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 2]], Jun 1 2005 {{tick}}<br />
* [[SGU Episode 1]], May 4 2005 {{tick}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
[[Category: List templates]]<br />
</noinclude></div>Mat86